INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
ISSN No. : xxxx-xxxx
Volume : 01
Issue : 01
DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Introduction
Abstract
The concept of suppression of the Vegas as one of the main causes of many diseases is unique. However, very few
studies are available that evaluate the strong cause-effect relationship of the suppressed urges and manifestation of
symptoms mentioned in the Ayurveda texts. It was also pertinent to understand the aetiopathological consequences
of Malavega Vidharana in terms of related systemic derangements in various disease conditions. The present
observational study entitled “An Observational Study of aetiopathological Effects of MalavegaVidharana” was
designed to understand the effects of MalavegaVidharana as described in Ayurvedic Samhitas. This would further
help in prevention of many lifestyle disorders with emphasis on not suppressing Malavega Vidharana as “Nidana
Parivarjana” constituting the “First Line of Treatment.”
Keywords : Malavega, Vegavidharan, Lifestyle disorders, Prevention
Ayurveda, the traditional Indian medical system is
considered as world’s ancient medical system. It is holistic
approach to health which is designed to help people live a
longer, healthy and well balanced life. Ayurveda have
elaborated that suppression of natural urges cause various
local and systemic diseases.
According to Charaka Samhita, the urges like passing flatus,
urine, feces Ejaculation of semen should not be controlled.
The involuntary actions like sneezing, yawning, breathing,
coughing and vomiting are the natural responses of body.
Holding these urges back can cause discomfort to body.
Natural body demands like hunger thirst and sleep have to be
fulfilled properly. Neglecting these can lead to diseases.
Today’s era is marked with increased prevalence of chronic
diseases with causative factors mostly related to diet and
lifestyle. The unique concept such as “Na vegan dharaniya”
or “Rogaanutpadaniya” in Ayurveda has become much
more relevant in current times, as our modern lifestyle
compels people to frequently ignore natural urges, and which
is at the base of various disorders.
Many social, emotional, psychological, physiological,
occupational, sanitary aspects influence the daily routine to
suppress the natural urges for longer time. The suppression
of these urges lead to a pathological state that pave way too
many diseases in long run.
“Malavega” (urge to defecate) is the most common natural
urge found to be suppressed in current days, mostly due to
occupational habits and inadequate sanitary facilities.
“Vidharana” (suppression or withholding) of this particular
vega also involves other vegas such as Adhovaat (flatus or
wind) and Mutra (urine), which are also under the control of
An Observational Study of Atiopathological Effects of Malavega Vidharana
1
Dr. Santosh Chavhan
Professor and HOD, Department of Rognidan and Vikrutividnyan, D Y Patil Deemed to be
University School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai. Mobile No. 9167778502
Email ID- drsantoshchavan@gmail.com
Corresponding author : Dr. Santosh Chavhan
Article Info : Published on : 14/07/2023
Cite this article as : - Dr. Santosh Chavhan (2023) an Observational Study of Atiopathological Effects of Malavega Vidharana
Inter.J.Dignostics and Research1(1) 619.https:/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8147277
2
Dr. Vikram Patil , PG Scholar, Department of Rognidan and Vikrutividnyan,
D Y Patil Deemed to be University School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai.
006
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
Publisher
G
P
A
V
R
ROGANIDAN VIKRUTIVIGYAN PG ASSOCIATION
FOR PATHOLOGY AND RADIODIGNOSIS
Year of Establishment – 2016
Reg. No. : MAHA-703/16(NAG)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Apaan Vayu. Thus, MalavegaVidharana has potential to
cause manifold harmful effects on one’s health.
Need of the study-:The concept of suppression of the Vegas
as one of the main causes of many diseases is unique.
However, very few studies are available that evaluate the
strong cause-effect relationship of the suppressed urges and
manifestation of symptoms mentioned in the Ayurveda texts.
It was also pertinent to understand the aetio-pathological
consequences of Malavega Vidharana in terms of related
systemic derangements in various disease conditions. The
present observational study entitled “An Observational
Study of aetio-pathological Effects of MalavegaVidharana”
was desig n e d to understa n d the effe c t s of
MalavegaVidharana as described in Ayurvedic Samhitas.
This would further help in prevention of many lifestyle
disorders with emphasis on not suppressing Malavega
Vidharana as “NidanaParivarjana” constituting the “First
Line of Treatment.”
Aims and Objectives:
1.To establish an association between the severity and
duration of Malavega Vidharana and etiopathological
effects and manifestation of symptoms as mentioned in
Ayurvedic Samhitas
2.To review literature of Malavega Vidharana given in all
major texts of Ayurveda critically
Materials and Methods:
Type of study:
Cross-sectional study conducted by survey method
Sample size :
Total 200 subjects were studied
Selection of Subjects :
Study subjects were selected from healthcare setup of
Ayurvedic Hospital and College.
Inclusion Criteria:
•Subjects of age 16 to 70 years, irrespective of genders
•Subjects who were ready to give consent/assent
Exclusion Criteria:
• Subjects with alcohol/drug abuse
• Subjects with history of complex and/or severe physical
or psychological disorder
• Subjects who have undergone major surgical
interventions
• Female subjects who were pregnant or lactating
Evaluation parameters :
Assessment of MalavegaVidharana(Suppression of urge)
• Duration of voluntary MalavegaVidharana
• Duration of voluntary MalavegaVidharana between
awakening & time of first defecation
• Frequency of voluntary MalavegaVidharana
• Chronicity of voluntary MalavegaVidharana
# Definitions and gradations of most of the symptoms are
based on “Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
(CTCAE) Version 4.0; Published by: U.S.DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, National Institutes
of Health, National Cancer Institute; on May 28, 2009 (v4.03:
June 14, 2010)”.
Activities of Daily Living (ADL):
*Instrumental ADL refer to preparing meals, shopping for
groceries or clothes, using the telephone, managing money,
etc.
** Self care ADL refer to bathing, dressing and undressing,
feeding self, using the toilet, taking medications, and not
bedridden.
Statistical analysis:
The study data generated and collected were put to statistical
analysis to reach to the final results and conclusions.
Data was categorized and analyzed in groups*to assess
cause-effect relation of Malavega Vidharanaa n d
Symptom manifestation to assess the causality effect of
severity of Malavega Vidharana and severity Symptom
manifestation
The data obtained in the studies were subjected to tests of
significance.
The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (Spearman’s
correlation, for short) - a nonparametric measure of the
strength and direction of association that exists between two
variables measured on at least an ordinal scale.
P value < 0.05 was considered significant.
The groups were made as follows-
1.Presence of MalavegaVidharana – Manifestation of
Symptoms
2.Presence of MalavegaVidharana – No manifestation
3.Absence of MalavegaVidharana – Manifestation
4.Absence of MalavegaVidharana – No manifestation
007
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Sr.No. Parameters Observations Scoring
1. Duration of MalavegaVidharana > 12 hours 4
6-12 hours 3
1-6 hours 2
< 1 hour 1
No suppression 0
2. Duration of MalavegaVidharana between
awakening & time of first defecation
> 4 hours 4
2-4 hours 3
1-2 hours 2
< 1 hour 1
No suppression 0
3. Frequency of MalavegaVidharana > 10 times per week 4
4-8 times per week 3
2-4 times per week 2
< 2 times per week 1
Rare/Occasional
Suppression
0
4. Chronicity of MalavegaVidharana > 12 months 4
6-12 months 3
1-6 months 2
< 1 month 1
Rare/Occasional
Suppression
0
Total Score Severity of MalavegaVidharana Grading
12-16 Very high A
8-12 High B
4-8 Moderate C
2-4 Low D
0-2 No E
The scoring was done as follows-
008
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Assessment of Presence or Absence of Symptoms as Mentioned in Ayurvedic Samhitas-
Symptoms Observed Definition# Present/
Absent
Pakvashyashula(Abdominal
pain)
A disorder characterized by a sensation of marked
discomfort in the abdominal region. (usually colic)
Shirshula(Headache) Pain in any region of head
VataApravartana (Retention of
flatus)
A disorder characterized by irregular
and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the flatus.
VarchoApravartana (Retention
of feces)
A disorder characterized by irregular and infrequent or
difficult evacuation of
the bowels.
Pindikodveshtana(Cramps in
calf
muscles)
Claudicating pain
Aadhman
(Abdominal distension)
A disorder characterized by self-
reported feeling of uncomfortable fullness of the
abdomen.
Aatop
(Rumbling sounds of
bowel)
A disorder characterized by self-
reported rumbling sounds of bowel
Shula
(Pain inabdomen)
Pain in abdomen
Parikartana
(Pricking pain in anus)
A disorder characterized by a marked
discomfort due to pricking sensation in the anal region.
Urdhvavata
(upward movement of gas)
A disorder characterized by self-
reported feeling of upward movement of gas
Mukhen vitta pravriti (Emesis
of fecalmatter)
Emesis of fecal matter
Pratishyaya
(Rhinitis)
experience of any of the following symptoms- runny
nose, sneezing, congestion, post-nasal drip, itching
inside nose
HridUprodha
(Chest tightness)
A disorder characterized by self-
reported feeling of chest tightness
Gulma
(Palpable mass in abdomen)
Palpable mass in abdomen
Klama
(Fatigue)
A condition characterized by a state of generalized
weakness with a pronounced inability to summon
sufficient energy to accomplish daily
Activities
Drishtighaat
(Blindness)
Functional loss of vision
009
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Assessment of Severity of Manifested Symptoms as Mentioned in Ayurvedic Samhitas-
Symptoms
Observed
Absent 0 Mild 1 Moderate 2 Severe 3 Very severe
4
Pakvashyash
ula
(Abdominal
pain)
No pain Mild pain Moderate pain;
limiting
instrumental
activities of daily
living
Severe pain;
limiting self care
ADL **
Severe pain
requiring
urgent
(ADL)* intervention
Shirshula
(Headache)
No
headaches;
or no
different
from
healthy
individuals
Has more
frequent or
more
severe
headaches
but the
headaches
never, or
only
rarely,
interfere
with
The headaches
significantly
interfere with some
activities, and more
than just rarely.
The headaches
are daily and
often
incapacitating.
Incapacitatin
g and
causing
vomiting and
hospitalizati
on
the usual
ADL
Vataapravart
ana
(Retention of
flatus)
No
symptoms
Occasiona
l or
intermitten
t
Symptoms
Persistent
symptoms
Bothersome
symptoms often
limiting
instrumental
Unbearable
symptoms
requiring
urgent
intervention
ADL
Varchoaprav
artana
(Retention of
feces)
No
symptoms
Occasiona
l or
intermitten
t
Symptoms
Persistent
symptoms with
regular use of
laxatives or
Severe
symptoms with
manual
evacuation
indicated;
limiting
Severe
symptoms
requiring
hospitalizati
on and
urgent
010
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
enemas; limiting
instrumental
ADL
Pindikodveshtana
(Cramps in calf
muscles)
No
symptoms
Occasional
or
intermittent
Symptoms
Persistent
symptoms
limiting
instrumental
ADL
Severe
symptoms
often
incapacitatin
g
Severe symptoms
requiring urgent
intervention
indicated
Aadhman(Abdominal
distension)
No
discomfort
Mild
discomfort
Moderate
discomfort;
limiting
instrumental
activities of
daily living
(ADL)
Severe
discomfort;
limiting self
care ADL
Severe discomfort
requiring
hospitalization
Aatop
(Rumbling sounds
of bowel)
No
discomfort
Mild
discomfort
Moderate
discomfort; but
not
affecting ADL
Persistent
discomfort;
affecting
ADL
Severe discomfort
requiring
intervention
Shula
(Pain in abdomen)
No pain Mild pain Moderate pain;
limiting
instrumental
activities of
daily living
(ADL)
Severe pain;
limiting self
care ADL
Severe pain
requiring
hospitalization
Parikartana(Pricking
pain in anus)
No pain Mild pain Moderate pain;
limiting
instrumental
activities of
daily living
(ADL)
Severe pain;
limiting self
care ADL
Severe pain
requiring
hospitalization
UrdhvaVata
(upward movement of
gas)
No
discomfort
Mild
discomfort
Moderate
discomfort;
limiting
Severe
discomfort;
Severe discomfort
requiring
hospitalization
011
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
instrumental
activities of daily
living
(ADL)
limiting self
care ADL
Mukhen
vitta pravriti
(Emesis of fecal
matter)
Never Occasional Persistent Bothersome Unbearable
Pratishyaya(Rhinitis) No symptoms Few;
Occasional
Few; Persistent;
affecting
instrumental
ADL
Many;
Bothersome;
affecting
instrumental
ADL and
requiring
intervention
All symptoms;
Unbearable; limiting
self care ADL and
requiring
intervention
Hriduprodha(Chest
tightness)
No
discomfort
Mild
discomfort
Moderate
discomfort;
limiting
instrumental
ADL
Severe
discomfort;
limiting self
care ADL
Severe discomfort
requiring
hospitalization
Gulma
(Palpable mass in
abdomen)
No
discomfort
Mild
discomfort
Moderate
discomfort;
limiting
instrumental
ADL
Severe
discomfort;
limiting self
care ADL
Severe discomfort
requiring
intervention
Klama
(Fatigue)
No fatigue Fatigue
only after
excessive
work or
play
Fatigue on doing
more than
accustomed
work or play
Fatigue on
doing routine
work or after
normal play
Fatigue even at rest
or no activity
012
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Drishtighaat(Blindnes
s)
Normal Occasional
blurred
vision or
reduced
visual
acuity
Persistent blurred
vision limiting
Persistent
blurred vision
limiting self
care ADL
Loss of vision
requiring urgent
intervention
instrumental
ADL
and requiring
intervention
The data was presented in the contingency table as given below-
Chi – Square Test – Test of association was applied to data generated. P value< 0.05 was considered
significant.
AnassociationbetweenMalavegaVidharanascoreand
ManifestedSymptomsscorein200studysubjects
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
AssessmentofMalavegaVidharana
013
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Observations & Results
Clinical assessment of 200 study subjects was done with the
help of pre-designed Case Record Form (CRF) and
questionnaire. The severity and overall score of
MalavegaVidharana as well as manifested symptoms due to
MalavegaVidharana were assessed and recorded in the CRF.
Statistical Analysis of data generated through CRF and
presented in Master-chart to test an association between
MalavegaVidharana score and Manifested Symptoms score in
200 study subjects:
Number of Points : 200
Spearman r = 0.6879 (Moderately Positive Correlation)
Two tailed p value is < 0.0001, extremely significant
There is a positive correlation between MalavegaVidharana
score and Manifested Symptoms score in 200 study subjects
which is statistically significant too.
An association between MalavegaVidharana score and
Number of Manifested Symptoms in 200 study subjects:
Number of Points : 200
Spearman r = 0.6127 (Moderately Positive Correlation)
Two tailed p value is < 0.0001, extremely significant
There is a positive correlation between Malavega
Vidharana score and Number of Manifested Symptoms
in 200 study subjects which is statistically significant
too.
AnassociationbetweenMalavegaVidharanascoreand
NumberofmanifestedSymptomsin200studysubjects
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
MalavegaVidharanaScore
Distribution of Study Subjects according to Severity of MalavegaVidharana
Total Score Severity of
MalavegaVidharana
Grading Number of
Study
Subjects
Percentage
(%)
12-16 Very high A 10 5%
8-12 High B 58 29%
4-8 Moderate C 63 31.5%
2-4 Low D 27 13.5%
0-2 No E 42 21%
014
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
AssessmentofMalavegaVidharana
10
42
A
58
27
B
C
D
63
E
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Total score of manifested symptoms in 200 study subjects-
Sr. No. Symptoms Total Score
1
Pakvashyashula (Abdominal pain) 193
2
Shirshula (Headache) 197
3
VataApravartana (Retention of flatus) 228
4
VarchoApravartana (Retention of feces) 205
5
Pindikodveshtana (Cramps in calf muscles) 188
6
Aadhman (Abdominal distension) 233
7
Aatop(Rumbling sounds of bowel) 168
8
Shula (Pain in abdomen) 155
9
Parikartana (Pricking pain in anus) 138
10
UrdhvaVata (upward movement of gas) 117
11
Mukhenvittapravriti (Emesis of fecal matter) 0
12
Pratishyaya (Rhinitis) 102
13
HridUparodha (Chest tightness) 119
14
Gulma (Palpable mass in abdomen) 14
15
Klama (Fatigue) 237
16
Drishtighaat (Blindness) 0
015
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
ManifestationofSymptomsScorein200studysubjects
250
200
150
100
50
0
228
233
237
193
197
205
188
168
155
138
117
102
119
0
14
0
TotalScore
Symptoms such as Klama (Fatigue), Aadhman (Abdominal distension),
VataApravartana (Retention of flatus), VarchoApravartana (Retention of feces),
Pakvashyashula (Abdominal pain), Shirshula (Headache) and Pindikodveshtana
(Cramps in calf muscles) were most commonly present.
Gulma (Palpable mass in abdomen) was rarely observed in few individuals.
Symptoms such as Drishtighaat (Blindness) and Mukhen vitta pravriti (Emesis of fecal
matter), were not seen in any of the study subjects
Relationship between MalavegaVidharana and Number of Manifested Symptoms in
200 study subjects:
No Manifestation of
Symptoms
(0 - 4)
No. of
Manifestati
on of
Symptoms
(> 4)
Absence of MalavegaVidharana
(Score 0 - 2)
31 11
Presence of MalavegaVidharana
(Score > 2)
28 130
016
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
Null Hypothesis (H0) :
There is no association between MalavegaVidharanaand
Number of Manifested Symptoms given in major texts of
Ayurveda.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is an association
between MalavegaVidharanaand Number of Manifested
Symptoms given in major texts of Ayurveda.
Chi –Square (Non-parametric) test was applied to discrete data
generated through the study.
Chi –Square Value (Calculated) = 53.04
Chi –Square Value (table) = 53.04 at 1 degree of freedom and
0.05 (5%) level of significance.
As calculated Chi-Square value is greater than the table value,
null hypothesis of no association is rejected and alternative
hypothesis is accepted.
There is a statistically significant association between
MalavegaVidharana and Number of Manifested Symptoms
given in major texts of Ayurveda.
Discussion:
The research study entitled “An Observational Study of
aetiopathological Effects of MalavegaVidharana” was
planned to assess the aetiopathological effects of
MalavegaVidharana as it has a potential to cause manifold
harmful effects on one’s health in present time.
Cross-sectional study was conducted in which the method of
data collection was survey method. Total 200 study subjects
were selected in the age group of 16 – 70 years irrespective of
gender and socio-economic status. After obtaining written
informed consent from every study subject, they were
examined and interrogated thoroughly and data were recorded
in the case record form.
Clinical assessment of 200 study subjects was done with the
help of pre-designed Case Record Form (CRF) and
questionnaire. The severity and overall score of
MalavegaVidharana as well as manifested symptoms due to
MalavegaVidharana were assessed and recorded in the CRF.
The data was analyzed by using appropriate statistical tests.
There is a statistically significant association between
MalavegaVidharana and Number of Manifested Symptoms
given in major texts of Ayurveda.
“VegasandharanamAnarogyakaranamAgryam” (Charak
Samhita Sootra. 25)
The suppression of natural urges causes vitiation of the dosha
of the body mainly Vata Dosha and further cause accumulation
of Ama (toxins) in the body. “Prevention is better than Cure”
hence it is advisable not to suppress these natural Vegas.
According to Ayurveda, the first line of treatment in all
diseases is "avoid the cause". Therefore, all diseases that can be
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
caused by the suppression of the various natural urges can be
prevented simply by not suppressing any of them. Although it is
very true that one should never suppress a non-suppressible
urge, but it is also equally important not to forcibly initiate an
urge, as it can create an imbalance in functioning of Vata Dosha
causing related diseases.
Conclusion:
The conclusions drawn from the scientific discussion are as
follows-
1.There is a strong and positive cause-effect relationship
between MalavegaVidharana and manifested symptoms, as
mentioned in major Ayurvedic texts.
2.While evaluating differential diagnosis, MalavegaVidharana
should be considered as one of the prime etiopathological
factors in various disease conditions.
3.It will be certainly helpful to emphasize on not suppressing
the urges of faecus and other natural urges in view of “Nidaan
Parivarjana” as “First Line of Treatment”.
References:
1.Acharya Y.T on Charaka Samhita With Ayurveda Deepika
Commentary By Chakrapanidutta, Reprint Edition(2013),
Chaukhambaprakashana, Sutrasthana, Chap. 7/6-11 Pg. 49-50
2.Murthy Srikantha.R K. Hindi Translation of Sushruta
Samhita Edition: Reprint 2012 Chaukhamba orientalia
Varanasi. Vol III Uttarasthana Chap. 55/4-16 Pg No 361-363.
3.Murthysrikanthak. R Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamisra
(Madhya And Uttara Khanda) Translated By Chuakhamba
krishnadas Academy 4th Edition (2009) Vol 4, Udavarta-
Anahaadhikara Chap. 31/1 .Pg. 430
4.Gupta Atrideva.on Ashtangahridaya by Vagbhata, Editor. 1st
Ed. Varanasi:Chaukhambha rakashan; 2009. Chap. Sutra
Sthana, 4/23. Pg.46
5.Krishnamurthy K.H on Bhelasamhita English Translation
Edited by Sharma P.V, Reprint Year: (2008) Chaukhamba
Vishwabharathi, Varanasi, Sutrasthana Chap. 6/2 Pg. 16
6.Guyton & Hall, Textbook of medical physiology, chap 66
physiology of GIT disorders Pg. 825, edition: 11th, reprint:
2006
7.Editor Trikamji Jadavji Acharya, Charaka Samhita with
Ayurveda Deepika commentary by Chakrapani Dutta,
Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan Part 1, Varanasi, 2005,
Sharir Sthan 1/103
8.Editor Trikamji Jadavji Acharya, Charaka Samhita with
Ayurveda Deepika commentary by Chakrapani Dutta,
Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan Part 1, Varanasi, 2005,
Sharir Sthan 8/20
017
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTICS AND RESEARCH
Volume : 01 Issue : 01 DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
9.Editor Trikamji Jadavji Acharya, Charaka Samhita with
Ayurveda Deepika commentary by Chakrapani Dutta,
Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan Part 1, Varanasi, 2005,
Viman Sthan 3/88
10.Editor Trikamji Jadavji Acharya, Charaka Samhita with
Ayurveda Deepika commentary by Chakrapani Dutta,
Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan Part 1, Varanasi, 2005,
Sutra Sthan 8/21.
11Davidson (1991): Principles and practice of medicine;
16th edition.
12.Golwala A. F. &Golwala S. A. (1988): Medicine for
students, 24th edition, India.
13.G Oza (2004): Text book of Clinical Medicine.
14.Harrison’s Principles of Medicines, 15th edition edited
by Anthony S. Fanci et al, McGraw Hill, Health
Professions Division.
018
Copyright @ : Inter. J.Digno. and Research Dr. Santosh Chavhan IJDRMSID0002
https://ijdrindia.com
Benefits of Publishing with us
Fast peer review process
Global archiving of the articles
Unrestricted open online access
Author retains copyright
Unique DOI for all articles
ISSN No. : xxxx-xxxx
DOI : 10.5281/zenodo.8147277
Submission Link : http://www.ijdrindia.com
This work is licensed under Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Dr. Santosh Chavhan Inter. J.Digno. and Research